the dream act was the response to what

American legislative proposal on clearing

DREAM Human action

Nicknames	DREAM Act
Sponsored past	Dick Durbin, Orrin Hatch
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate every bit Southward. 1291 past Dick Durbin (D–IL) and Orrin Hatch (R–UT) on April 25, 2001

The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Deed, known equally the DREAM Act, is a United States legislative proposal to grant temporary conditional residency, with the right to work, to undocumented immigrants who entered the United states every bit minors—and, if they later satisfy farther qualifications, they would reach permanent residency.

In April 2001, U.s.a. Senators Dick Durbin (D-Illinois) and Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) first introduced the bill in the Senate as S. 1291, but it did not pass. The proposal has since been reintroduced several times, but has non been approved past majorities in either house of the United States Congress.^{[one] [2]}

Requirements [edit]

The beneficiaries of the proposed DREAM Act would have to meet the following requirements to qualify:^[3]

• Not be inadmissible to or deportable from the Us, or be in Temporary Protected Status (Sec. three(b)(1))
• Have proof of having arrived in the United States before age 16^[four] (Dream Human activity of 2017, S.1615, Sec.iii(b)(1)(B), and HR3440, Sec.three(b)(1)(B)).^{[five] [6]}
• Have proof of residency in the United States for at to the lowest degree five consecutive years
• If a male born in 1960 or later, accept registered with the Selective Service
• Exist between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time of neb enactment
• Have graduated from an American high schoolhouse, obtained a GED, or been admitted to an establishment of higher education
• Be of practiced moral graphic symbol

During the commencement half-dozen years, qualifying people would be granted "conditional" condition and would be required to (a) graduate from a two-yr community college or (b) complete at least two years towards a four-year degree or (c) serve two years in the US military machine. Later this 6-year period, those who run into at least one of these 3 conditions would be eligible to apply for permanent resident status. During this vi-yr conditional period, they would not be eligible for federal higher education grants such every bit Pell grants simply they would exist able to apply for student loans and work report.^[vii]

If they take met all of the conditions at the end of the 6-yr conditional period, they would be granted permanent residency, which would eventually let them to become U.South. citizens.^[8] It is not known how many of those eligible would go on to complete the further requirements. One organization estimated that just 7,000–13,000 college students nationally can fulfill the further obligations.^[ix] An assay past the Heart for Immigration Studies found that over 2 million individuals could do good under the Act.^[10]

For conditional resident status [edit]

The individual must:

• have proof that they entered the United States earlier the age of sixteen and must have continuously lived in the country for at least 5 years.
• take graduated from a United states of america high schoolhouse or obtained a GED in the United states.
• demonstrate good moral grapheme.
• pass criminal background checks

After having obtained and held conditional resident condition, permanent residency may be granted if the post-obit requirements take been met in a period of half-dozen years.

For permanent residency [edit]

The individual must:

• Have attended an establishment of college learning or served in the United states armed services for at least two years and if discharged, have received an honorable discharge
• Pass another serial of background checks
• Continue to demonstrate good moral character

If these requirements are not fulfilled the conditional resident will lose their legal status and be discipline to deportation.^[11]

Groundwork [edit]

Members of Congress have introduced several forms of this nib in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Members in the House passed one such bill on Dec 8, 2010, past a vote of 216–198;^[12] Senators debated a version of the DREAM Act on September 21, 2010. A previous version of the bill, S. 2205, which required lx votes to proceeds cloture, failed on a 52–44 vote in 2007, eight votes short of overcoming a delay by senators opposed to the bill.^[13]

The The states military machine faced challenges in enlistment, which in 2005 were described every bit a "crisis",^[14] though the economic downturn of 2007–2010 did away with many of the enlistment challenges. Immigrants without a United States Permanent Resident Carte du jour (too known every bit a greenish carte) are not allowed to enlist. In 2007, several senior officials at the Department of Defence force accept spoken in favor of promising resident status to members of the military as a means of boosting recruitment.^[15]

The nib as well restores the pick for states to determine residency for purposes of higher education benefits by repealing Department 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibleness Deed (IIRIRA) of 1996 (viii U.S.C. § 1623.^[3] The majority of states interpret this provision as disqualifying undocumented immigrant students from sure college didactics benefits such as in-country tuition rates.^[sixteen] Some states have enacted laws aimed at making undocumented state residents eligible for in-state tuition rates without violating this IIRIRA provision.^[17] Withal, some students paying out-of-country tuition have filed lawsuits in these states, challenge state education officials violated this federal law.^[18]

Legislative history [edit]

The original version of the DREAM Act was introduced on April 25, 2001 by Representative Luis Gutiérrez, Democrat from Illinois, as the "Immigrant Children'southward Educational Advancement and Dropout Prevention Act of 2001" (H.R. 1582) during the 107th Congress. This beak received 34 cosponsors, and would have allowed undocumented immigrant students to kickoff utilize to be protected from deportation and then utilise for and receive lawful permanent residency if they met the criteria.^[19]

One month later, on May 21, 2001, Gutiérrez'southward version of the bill was scrapped in favor of a more limited version entitled "Student Adjustment Act of 2001" (H.R. 1918), introduced past Representative Chris Cannon, Republican from Utah. This version of the bill lowered age eligibility to 21 years of age and garnered 62 cosponsors. On August 1, 2001 a mirror bill to the "Educatee Aligning Act of 2001" was introduced in the Senate by Senator Orrin Hatch, besides a Republican from Utah. This legislation, Due south. 1291, was the starting time nib given the short title of "Evolution, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Human action" or "DREAM Act." Since that fourth dimension the DREAM Human activity has been introduced in both the Senate and the House at various times.

The text of the bill was placed in diverse other immigration-related bills, including the Comprehensive Clearing Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611) and the Comprehensive Clearing Reform Deed of 2007 (S. 1348). With the failure of these comprehensive reform bills, Senator Richard Durbin, Democrat from Illinois, fabricated its passage a top priority for 2007.^{[xx] [21]} In September 2007, Durbin filed to place the DREAM Human activity equally an amendment to the 2008 Department of Defence Authorization Bill (Due south. 2919). In light of the criticism, Durbin tabled the subpoena in favor of a rewritten DREAM Act amendment to the Defence force Bill. In consideration of their opponents, all language regarding in-state tuition was removed from the amendment and an age cap of 30 was put in identify for potential beneficiaries.^[22] Armed services leaders embraced the bill, which included the hope of resident status to members of the war machine, as a means of boosting recruitment.^[23]

On October xviii, 2007, Durbin, along with Republican co-sponsors Charles Hagel of Nebraska and Richard Lugar of Indiana, introduced the DREAM Act as S. 2205. Although nearly identical to the revised amendment to the Defence Bill, opponents connected to cite previous arguments. To bring the DREAM Human activity up for debate, a vote was scheduled on October 24 that would require a filibuster-proof count of 60 yes votes, but that failed.^[24] Senate opponents cited a variety of reasons for their opposition. Some labeled the DREAM Deed equally amnesty that would encourage concatenation migration and further undocumented immigration in anticipation of new versions of the DREAM Human activity. Others stated that the DREAM Human activity, though worthy legislation, should be enacted only as role of a comprehensive clearing reform.

Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, who had previously stated that she would oppose consideration of the DREAM Act, announced on the Senate floor that she had expressed reservations to Durbin and he had fabricated a verbal commitment to work with her to make changes that she saw necessary to garner greater Republican back up. In response, Durbin appear that the offset amendment that would be considered, should debate of the DREAM Act begin, would completely re-write the bill in favor of the language that Hutchison suggested. According to her suggestions, undocumented immigrant students should be immune to concord a temporary student visa with a renewable work allow instead of provisional permanent residency. Although 52 Senators voted in favor of considering the DREAM Human action, this roughshod 8 votes curt of breaking delay and the legislation was not considered.^[22]

2009 [edit]

The human activity was re-introduced in both chambers of Congress on Thursday, March 26, 2009, during the 111th Congress by Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL), Richard Lugar (R-IN), Harry Reid (D-NV), Mel Martinez (R-FL), Patrick Leahy (D-VT), Joseph Lieberman (I-CT), Ted Kennedy (D-MA), and Russ Feingold (D-WI)^[25] and U.South. Representative Howard Berman (D-CA). To engagement, 128 representatives^[26] and 39 senators^[25] (not including one-time Senator Edward Kennedy) co-sponsored the bill. Under this version of the DREAM Act, immigrants could authorize in function, by meeting the following requirements:

• Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time the Constabulary is enacted
• Arrived in the United States before the age of 16
• Resided continuously in the United states of america for at to the lowest degree v sequent years since the date of their arrival
• Graduated from a US loftier school or obtained a General Pedagogy Diploma
• Good moral character

In improver to the temporary Residency, undocumented immigrant students who qualified would as well be entitled to apply for student loans and work study but would not be eligible for Pell grants. In certain circumstances, the person could lose temporary immigration residency if he or she did non run into the educational or military service requirement within the half dozen-year fourth dimension menstruation or if they committed whatsoever crimes (other than those considered not-drug related misdemeanors) regardless of whether or not they had already been approved for permanent condition at the end of their half dozen years. If an individual were convicted of a major crime or drug-related infraction, (except for a single offense of possession of thirty g or less of marijuana) they would automatically lose the six-year temporary residence status and be immediately subject to deportation.^[27]

2010 [edit]

The 111th Congress continued to consider the DREAM Human activity bill throughout 2010. Southward. 3827, a new version of the DREAM Human action, includes numerous changes to address concerns raised near the bill. The DREAM Act, along with a repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", was incorporated into the National Defence force Dominance Deed for the Financial Year 2011. On September 21, 2010, the Senate filibuster of the bill was maintained in a 56–43 vote; it would accept taken lx votes to stop the filibuster and continue the progress of the nib.^[28] The following mean solar day, Durbin introduced the bill once again along with Richard Lugar. Simply two senators co-sponsored the bill and it was defeated again.^[29]

Less than a month later, on November sixteen, President Barack Obama and top Democrats pledged to innovate the Dream Act into the Business firm by November 29.^[thirty] The House of Representatives passed the DREAM Act on December 8, 2010,^{[31] [32]} just the bill failed to reach the lx-vote threshold necessary to stop debate on the Senate floor (55-41—Motion to invoke cloture on the movement to concur in the House amendment to the Senate amendment No. 3 to H.R. 5281).^[33]

2011 [edit]

On May xi, 2011, then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid reintroduced the DREAM Act in the Senate. Some Republicans who had supported the pecker in the past, including Sen. John Cornyn of Texas, Jon Kyl of Arizona, John McCain of Arizona, and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, withheld their votes, objecting that such a beak should not be granted without increasing immigration enforcement. Reid indicated that he would consider calculation a workplace enforcement measure in the DREAM Act that would crave every employer to use Eastward-Verify, the government's Internet-based work eligibility verification system.^[34] President Obama supported the bill as one of his efforts to reform the United states immigration system.^[35]

In July 2011, the state of California enacted the California DREAM Act, giving undocumented immigrant students access to private college scholarships for state schools.^[36] In Baronial, the country of Illinois authorized a privately funded scholarship plan for children of immigrants both documented and undocumented.^[37]

2012 [edit]

On June fifteen, 2012, Barack Obama appear that his administration would stop deporting undocumented immigrants who match certain criteria included in the proposed DREAM Human action.^[38] On August 15, 2012, the U.South. Citizenship and Clearing Services (USCIS) began accepting applications under the Obama administration's new Deferred Action for Babyhood Arrivals (DACA) program. Thousands applied for the new program.^[39] Considering DACA was designed in large measure to accost the immigration status of the aforementioned people every bit the DREAM Act, the two programs are ofttimes debated together, with some making little stardom between them and others focusing on the difference betwixt the DREAM Deed'southward legislative approach in contrast to the implementation of DACA through executive action.^[40] As of Jan 2017^[update], 740,000 people take registered through DACA.^[41]

2017 [edit]

On September v, 2017 the Trump administration rescinded the program, while pushing Congress to enact a replacement to the legislation prior to the elimination of DACA protections.^{[42] [43] [44]} The Dream Human action of 2017 was introduced on July twenty, 2017 by Senators Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Dick Durbin (D-IL), Jeff Fleck (R-AZ), and Chuck Schumer (D-NY).^[45] With potential to provide a direct process for gaining U.S. citizenship, this bipartisan human action has been both championed and scrutinized, only again failed to pass. People eligible for citizenship are those who are undocumented, take DACA or temporary protected status (TPS) (people without lawful clearing status), and who graduate from U.S. loftier schools and attend college, enter the workforce, or enlist in the armed forces.^[45] Several other bills were introduced in 2012 meant to protect undocumented youth, all similar to the Dream Act, but never condign law.^[46]

The 2017 version of the Act would suit the current police in several means. Information technology would requite DACA beneficiaries permanent resident status and TPS beneficiaries the opportunity to apply for this condition.^[46] The pathway to U.South. citizenship would exist kickoff provisional permanent resident condition for 8 years, utilise for and receiving LPR condition, spending v years in LPR status, and lastly applying for and receiving U.S. citizenship.^[46] The Deed would also terminate the displacement proceedings of anyone coming together the requirements of the Dream Act and those enrolled in elementary or secondary school over 5 years of age. It lastly would improve accessibility to college in-state tuition and fiscal aid for undocumented youth and immigrants.^[46]

Bear upon [edit]

Economic [edit]

In a Dec 2010 study, the federal Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation estimated that the November 30, 2010 version of the DREAM Act would reduce (federal) directly deficits by almost $1.iv billion over the 2011–2020 catamenia and increase federal government revenues by $2.3 billion over the next 10 years. Indirect federal costs (about lxxx% of the federal upkeep) and land and local tax impacts were non considered.^[47] However, the same written report also notes that the Act "would increase projected deficits by more than $v billion in at least one of the four sequent 10-year periods starting in 2021" (accent added). A study conducted by the Center for American Progress estimates that if passed, the DREAM Human activity would create i.4 million jobs by 2030, primarily through the expected increase in educational attainment, earnings, and ownership power for "DREAMers".^[48]

Luis Miranda, White House Managing director of Hispanic Media, has spoken in back up of the 2010 version of the DREAM Deed.^[49] He argues that passage of the Act would make the U.Due south. more competitive in the global economy by assuasive undocumented immigrants "to live up to their fullest potential and contribute to the economic growth of our state."^[49] Miranda argues that the DREAM Human activity would not create an "amnesty programme" because it requires a "lengthy and rigorous process" to be eligible for benefits, requiring, for example, a criminal background check and proof that the applicant has not committed any crimes that would brand him ineligible for residency.^[49] Miranda likewise argues the Act would not encourage more students to immigrate because it only applies to undocumented immigrants who are already in the country.^[49] Furthermore, the Act would create a waiting period earlier DREAM Human activity applicants could sponsor light-green card applications for their relatives. Miranda also notes that Defense Secretarial assistant Robert Gates has stated that the DREAM Act would provide an expanded puddle of military recruits.^[49]

A 2010 report by UCLA's North American Integration and Development Middle, an advocacy and inquiry group that focuses on "transnationalism and globalization through activity research", conducting "interdisciplinary research concerning the economic integration process between the United States, Mexico and Canada", produced ii estimates of the income that would exist earned by undocumented immigrants who would exist potentially eligible for the proposed DREAM Act benefits. The commencement gauge is based on analysis from a study by the Migration Policy Institute's National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, an organization seeking to "accelerate the economic mobility and social inclusion of immigrants in the United States",^[50] which estimated that 38% of those eligible for the DREAM Act's benefits would actually obtain legal permanent resident status. In that scenario, the NAIDC estimates that DREAM Act beneficiaries would earn $1.4 trillion over a forty-year menstruum. On the other hand, NAIDC estimates that if all those eligible for DREAM Act benefits successfully met the education or military service requirements and obtained legal resident status, they would earn $3.6 trillion over the same 40-year period. How many dollars they would use of available federal, state and local resources over the xl-year period was not estimated.^[51]

Education [edit]

Education is a major priority for The DREAM Act. In a inquiry article written by Roger Grand. Mahony, it is stated that the DREAM Act aims to repeal a provision of law that penalizes states for offering these students in-state tuition rates. Depending on eligibility standards, the DREAM Act could benefit every bit many every bit 1.two million young people in the United States, giving them an opportunity to reach their educational and economic potential.^[52]

DREAMers movement [edit]

The DREAMers movement emerged during the time that the DREAM Act was being pushed in Congress. The individuals that make upwardly the group are primarily undocumented students/youth.^[53] The DREAMers movement have been seen tackling issues in regards to immigration, education, and citizenship.^[53] The DREAMers accept partaken in many activists activities to demonstrate their back up for the DREAM Human activity. On May 1, 2006, at that place was a sit-in that involved a commonage group of students taking a stand up to voice their concerns.^[54] There was an occasion on June 5, 2012, when DREAMers participated in a nonviolent ceremonious disobedience which included spotter-lines, sit-ins, hunger strikes, etc.^[55] There have been other scenarios throughout the state where undocumented youth have been actively involved in promoting the DREAM Act.^[53] Furthermore, the movement has had influence in other policies such as DACA (Deferred Activity for Childhood Arrivals), an Executive Branch memorandum made by and so-Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano on June xv, 2012 entitled "Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the U.s. as Children," creating a non-congressionally authorized administrative program that permitted certain individuals who came to the Us as juveniles and see several criteria—including defective any current lawful clearing condition—to request consideration of deferred action for a period of 2 years, subject to renewal, and eligibility for work authorization.^[55]

See also [edit]

• Illegal immigration to the United States
• Clearing policy
• Plyler v. Doe
• Trail of Dreams 2010
• New York Dream Human activity
• Deferred Activity for Childhood Arrivals

Farther reading [edit]

• Matos, Y. (2020). The "American DREAM": Understanding White Americans' Support for the DREAM Human action and Punitive Clearing Policies. Perspectives on Politics,

References [edit]

1. ^ "No Dreamers Left Behind" (PDF). ucla.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
2. ^ "Senate Bill S. 1291". Congress.gov. June 20, 2002.
3. ^ ^{a b} S. 729
4. ^ "S. 729 Sec.4(a)(1)(A)".
5. ^ "Text of Due south. 1615: Dream Act of 2017 (Introduced version) - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.usa.
6. ^ "H.R.3440 - Dream Act of 2017". world wide web.congress.gov. 2017.
7. ^ "DREAM opportunities". Bangor Daily News. October nine, 2007. p. half dozen. ISSN 0892-8738. ProQuest 414413142.
8. ^ "Due south. 729 Sec.5". congress.gov.
9. ^ Further Demographic Information Relating to theDREAM Act Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Urban Found, October 21, 2003.
10. ^ "DREAM Human action Offers Amnesty to 2.one One thousand thousand". December 7, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
11. ^ www.whitehouse.gov
12. ^ "House OKs beak aimed at illegal youth immigrants". December 9, 2010. Retrieved December xviii, 2016.
13. ^ "U.Southward. Senate: Gyre Call Vote". Retrieved December 18, 2016.
14. ^ Wilson, Jamie (June 3, 2005). "United states of america lowers standards in army numbers crisis". Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via The Guardian.
15. ^ Jordan, Miriam. "Neb Offers U.S. Citizenship for Military machine Service". Retrieved December 18, 2016.
16. ^ Lee, Y (2006). To dream or not to dream: a price-benefit analysis of the evolution, relief, and education for undocumented minors (DREAM) act. Vol. 16. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy. pp. 231–58.
17. ^ Feder, J. (2010). Unauthorized undocumented students, college education, and in-state tuition rates: a legal analysis. RS22500. Congressional Research Service.
18. ^ Morse, A; Bimbach, K (2010). "In-State Tuition and Unauthorized Immigrant Students". National Conference of Country Legislatures.
19. ^ Barnett, Pamela (April 25, 2001). "Gutierrez Ties Immigration Proposal to Instruction Condition". CongressDaily.
20. ^ Spuriell, Stephen (July 10, 2007). "Death Knell for Clearing?". The Corner. National Review Online. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
21. ^ Maze, Rick (July 16, 2007). "Bill would grant citizenship for service". Ground forces Times . Retrieved July xix, 2007.
22. ^ ^{a b} DREAM Act of 2007
23. ^ Montgomery, Dave (October 23, 2007). "Senate to vote on whether to take upward limited clearing nib". Knight Ridder Tribune News Service: ane. ProQuest 456878988.
24. ^ "DREAM Act: NILC statement on October 24 Senate vote". Archived from the original on June xi, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
25. ^ ^{a b} DREAM Human activity of 2009
26. ^ H.R. 1751
27. ^ "Dream Human activity 2013". Retrieved December eighteen, 2016.
28. ^ "Senate halts 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". CNN. September 22, 2010.
29. ^ S. 3827
30. ^ Am; Reporter, a Terkel Senior Political; Mail service, The Huffington (November 16, 2010). "Obama And Top Congressional Democrats Call For DREAM Act'southward Passage Before Yr'south End". Retrieved Dec 18, 2016.
31. ^ "House Passes DREAM Act Immigration Measures". Fox News. December 8, 2010. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved Jan eighteen, 2011.
32. ^ S. 3992
33. ^ "U.S. Senate Curlicue Phone call Votes 111th Congress – second Session".
34. ^ "Harry Reid reintroduces the DREAM Act". May 11, 2011. Retrieved Dec xviii, 2016.
35. ^ "DREAM Human activity Immigration Legislation receives back up from US President". Migration Expert. Archived from the original on September 15, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
36. ^ "California "Dream Human action" approved for undocumented immigrants". Reuters. July 26, 2011 – via www.reuters.com.
37. ^ Sabella, Jen (August 2, 2011). "Illinois DREAM Act Signed Past Governor Quinn (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post.
38. ^ Cohen, Tom (June 16, 2012). "Obama administration to end deporting some young undocumented immigrants". CNN. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
39. ^ "Thousands of 'Dreamers' line upward to employ for deferral program". NBC News. August 15, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
40. ^ Cohen, Tom (Baronial 24, 2012). "Clearing lawsuit revives DREAM Act debate". CNN . Retrieved September three, 2012.
41. ^ "Fortunately, Trump gives young, undocumented DREAMers a reprieve — for now". Miami Herald. January 23, 2017.
42. ^ "Memorandum on Rescission Of DACA". Department of Homeland Security. September 5, 2017.
43. ^ "Memorandum on Rescission Of DACA". Section of Homeland Security. September v, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
44. ^ "What is the Dream Act and Who Are the Dreamers?". Anti-Defamation League . Retrieved March 26, 2020.
45. ^ ^{a b} "Dream Act 2017: Summary and Answers to Oftentimes Asked Questions". National Immigration Police Centre . Retrieved March 26, 2020.
46. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Dream Act, DACA, and Other Policies Designed to Protect Dreamers". American Immigration Quango. August 25, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
47. ^ "S. 3992, Evolution, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act of 2010". December seven, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
48. ^ Guzmán, Juan Carlos; Jara, Raul C. "The Economic Benefits of Passing the DREAM Act". Center for American Progress. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
49. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Get The Facts On The DREAM Act". whitehouse.gov. December ane, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via National Archives.
50. ^ "Near the Middle". National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy.
51. ^ No DREAMers Left Behind Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Auto, North American Integration and Development Center, University of California, Los Angeles.
52. ^ Mahony, Roger (June 22, 2012). "The Dream Act: We All Do good". Notre Matriarch Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy. 26: 459.
53. ^ ^{a b c} Keyes, Elizabeth (January 21, 2014). "Defining American: The DREAM Human activity, Clearing Reform and Citizenship". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2253546.
54. ^ Dowling, Julie; Inda, Jonathan (2013). Governing Immigration through Law-breaking: A Reader. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 269–84. ISBN9780804778817.
55. ^ ^{a b} Costanza-Chock, Sasha (2014). "Out of the Closets, Out of the Shadows, and into the Streets". Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Transmedia Organizing and the Immigrant Rights Movement. Out of the Shadows, into the Streets!. MIT Press. pp. 128–153. ISBN9780262028202. JSTOR j.ctt9qf5z4.12.

External links [edit]

• H.R. 1751: Total text of the 2009 Business firm neb, via THOMAS
• S. 3992: Full text of the 2009 Senate bill, via THOMAS
• Later on GOP Blocks DREAM Act, Where is Clearing Activism Headed? – video report by Republic Now!
• Born and Raised – video by Borderstories.org
• Dream Act Laws

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act

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